Hephaisteion

The Temple of Hephaestus, or Hephaisteion, is the most perfectly preserved temple remaining from the ancient Greek world. Built over the course of 34 years (449-415 BC), it is fitting that such a masterfully constructed Doric temple would be raised in honor of the patron god of craftsmanship. The temple is perched atop Agoraios Kolonos hill, in the shadow of the ancient Agora and Acropolis of Athens; its structure, forged from Pentelic and Parian marble, remains a sight to behold thousands of years on. Since words—it seems—can do no justice, I will allow my photographs to tell the rest of the story.

The Western Pediment, the Doric Colonnade, and the Ionic Frieze.

Another look at the temple's Western Pediment.

Looking Northwest to the Hephaisteion from the Acropolis.

Looking Southeast to the Acropolis from the Hephaisteion.

Hephaisteion: Ancient Greece's gift to the curious historian's imagination.

The Acropolis

Looking towards The Acropolis of Athens.

While ascending the smooth, weathered stone pathways of the Acropolis, the weight of time looms heavily in the air. People from all corners of the earth have come to see one of the wonders of the ancient world for themselves; to witness a testament to the paradoxical continuity and transience of man.

When Samantha & I emerged from the metro station near Athens' Acropolis, six years had passed since I last visited. And as we climbed high above Greece's sprawling, historic metropolis, more than 2400 years had passed since the structures that we were about to see had been built.

The Acropolis of Athens- the epicenter of Classical Greece's most successful polis ("city state")- is a destination that naturally captures the imagination of it's modern visitors. Overlooking the Ancient Agora ("meeting place") of Athens, it features archaeological remains dating to a time long before man landed on the moon, before the "New World" was known to the Old World, and preceding the days when a man named Jesus resided in Nazareth.

The Propylaea.

Like all of the Acropolis' visitors, Samantha & I passed through the Propylaea: a remnant of the Periclean Building Program of the 5th Century BC. The construction of the monumental gate began in 437 BC, only to be terminated five years later due to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta. Though the Propylaea was never completed, the resultant structure was spectacular enough to have inspired later architectural achievements such as the Brandenburg Gate of Berlin.

However magnificent, the Propylaea cannot adequately prepare its visitors for their next encounter: the Parthenon. Dedicated to Athena, the goddess of Wisdom and patron of Athens, the temple is the most important surviving building from Ancient Greece. 

The Northeast corner of The Parthenon.

Survival has not come easily, though: The Parthenon has stood witness to the harsh passage of time, people, and regimes. It was built in nine years, from 446-438 BC, and became renowned as one of the great cultural monuments of the world. The Doric colonnade, the metopes, the frieze, and Phidias' Athena Parthenos represented the highest achievements of Athenian art & architecture. Later, though, a fire would destroy the roof & much of the temple's interior in the 3rd Century. The Parthenon was then rebuilt and remained intact- first as a Church, and then as a mosque under the control of the Ottoman Turks. The building survived as such until September 26, 1687, when it was struck by a Venetian mortar round, igniting an Ottoman ammunition dump within the temple's confines. The damage was catastrophic and accounts for the half-ruined state of today's Parthenon, which has been in various stages of restoration since 1975.

The wondrous beauty of the Parthenon is paralleled yet by the grace of the Erechtheion. Built between 421-406 BC, the temple was dedicated to Athena & Poseidon and is best known for "The Porch of the Caryatids," in which six female figures act as supporting columns. The Erechtheion was built precisely to fit the uneven terrain of the Acropolis Hill; it is the crown made to fit the head of Ancient Athens' sacred rock. 

The Erechtheion, Parthenon, and their admirers.

And so it is no wonder why so many citizens of the world flock to see what has been seen, photographed, and written about to no end. The Acropolis constitutes a very tangible connection to the ancient peoples who made such crucial contributions to the world of art, scholarship, and politics. It stands as a very weathered- and very beautiful- lens through which we may view a society that inspired countless others. 

The Photographic Past, Part V

A rare and bizarre photograph of the unfinished Golden Gate Bridge, back when San Francisco—like much of the world—was black and white (Seriously, folks—where would we be without color television?). After four years of construction, the world-famous bridge hosted "Pedestrian Day" on May 27, 1937, and opened to vehicular traffic the very next day ("Bridge History and Construction"). (ca. 1935)

Princess Diana photographed alone at the Taj Mahal during a state visit to India with Prince Charles. Whether or not this particular picture shows the aftermath of royal lover’s quarrel, Diana and Charles would go on to divorce in August of 1996- twelve months before the Princess’s fatal car accident in Paris ("Biography of Diana, Princess of Wales"). (ca. 1992)

Maria Ginest—a 17-year-old girl, communist, and militant in the Spanish Civil War—takes a moment to pose while overlooking Barcelona. La Guerra Civil Española, which involved a great number of foreign participants from Germany, Italy, and elsewhere, resulted in the establishment of General Francisco Franco's 36-year fascist regime in Spain. (ca. 1936)

Louis Armstrong serenades his wife in perhaps the most romantic of settings: in front of the Sphinx and the Great Pyramids of Giza (note: This is a colorized version of the original photograph). Next to the 4500-year-old ancient Egyptian wonders, "Satchmo" was actually quite young at 60 years old. Three years later, when Armstrong's "Hello, Dolly!" knocked The Beatles' "Can't Buy Me Love" off the top of the charts, he became the oldest artist to ever hold the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 ("Chart Beat Chat"). A true legend indeed. (ca. 1961)

A gorgeous New York Central Mercury train departing Cleveland’s Union Station in the mid-1930's. The Mercury train series was designed by Henry Dreyfuss, the industrial designer responsible for the Western Electric 302 Telephone and the iconic John Deere Model A Tractor ("Henry Dreyfuss"). Cleveland... was not so fortunate in its design. (ca. 1936)

Poetry in Motion: The 1966 NBA Finals, which pitted the Boston Celtics against the Los Angeles Lakers, as shot by Walter Iooss. Perhaps even more striking than Bill Russell's imposing defensive posturing is the lack of corporate advertisement that dominates today's arenas (and tomorrow's uniforms…). (ca. 1966)

The earliest-known photograph of Jerusalem, taken by French photographer Joseph-Philibert Girault de Prangey in 1844. The photograph, which was was unknown to the general public until the 1920's, shows The Temple Mount as it was more than 150 years ago. The sacred site, which has been in use for thousands of years, is associated with at least four religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and Roman-era Paganism. (ca. 1844)

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"Biography of Diana, Princess of Wales." BiographyOnline.net. Biography Online, Web. 27 Feb. 2014. <http://www.biographyonline.net/people/biography_princess_diana.html>.

"Bridge History and Construction."  GoldenGateBridge.org. Golden Gate Bridge Highway & Transportation District, Web. 27 Feb. 2014 <http://goldengatebridge.org/research/facts.php#HowLongtoBuild>.

Bronson, Fred. "Chart Beat Chat." Billboard.com. Billboard, Web. 27 Feb. 2014. <http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1046517/chart-beat-chat>.

"Henry Dreyfuss." CooperHewitt.org. Smithsonian Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, Web. 27 Feb. 2014. <http://www.cooperhewitt.org/tagged/henry-dreyfuss>.

"Ladies and Gentlemen, The Beatles!"

"Quick, get a picture of me with The Beatles!"

Fifty years ago, on Feb. 9, 1964, Ed Sullivan’s now-famous words rang out across the airwaves, only to be immediately drowned out by the piercing, high-pitched screams of the 728 audience members in attendance at CBS Studio 50.

The Beatles’ debut appearance on “The Ed Sullivan Show” was so much more than a performance for several hundred swooning fans in a New York television studio. That night, an estimated 73 million viewers tuned in across the United States to watch the hour-long program, according to The New York Times, shattering the previous record for television viewership.

Years later, in an interview for “The Beatles Anthology,” George Harrison would remark, “We were aware that ‘Ed Sullivan’ was the big one because we got a telegram from Elvis and the Colonel. And I’ve heard that while the show was on there were no reported crimes, or very few. When The Beatles were on ‘Ed Sullivan,’ even the criminals had a rest for 10 minutes.”

As The Fab Four launched into a pulsing rendition of “All My Loving” to open their set, it was clear that the British Invasion — and, more specifically, Beatlemania — had taken America by storm.

The Beatles’ five-song set, which included such timeless hits as “She Loves You” and “I Want To Hold Your Hand,” was filled with numerous quirky and iconic moments.

A bewildered John Lennon takes note of his special introduction.
(Note: His reaction quickly transformed into amusement.)

Memorably, as Paul McCartney sang a cover of “Till There Was You,” a ballad written by Meredith Wilson for the 1957 musical “The Music Man,” the band members were introduced in a succession of close-up shots as their names flashed across the screen. When the camera settled on John Lennon, the caption read: “SORRY GIRLS, HE’S MARRIED.”

Though the dreams of Lennon’s innumerable female admirers were crushed that night, the real dream was only beginning. Over the coming years, The Beatles would change the face of the popular music scene forever.

The performance on “The Ed Sullivan Show” was the catalyst for a cultural phenomenon that is still alive and well today. The band would go on to appear on the program the following two Sundays and by April, Beatles songs occupied each of the top five spots on Billboard’s Hot 100 chart.

With more than 600 million albums sold worldwide, The Beatles are the best-selling band in history. Their level of success was, and is, so extensive that a compilation album titled “1” was released in 2000, comprising the band’s 27 No. 1 singles.

Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr perform at Los Angeles
Convention Center as part of "The Beatles: The Night
That Changed America- A Grammy Salute."

Just a few weeks ago, Ringo Starr and Paul McCartney reunited at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards to perform “Queenie Eye,” a song from McCartney’s recently released album, “New.” 

They took the stage again for a CBS special Sunday night, “The Beatles: The Night That Changed America — A Grammy Salute,” surrounded by contemporary A-list performers like Alicia Keys, John Legend and Katy Perry, and the two remaining Beatles reaffirmed their status as hyper-relevant musical icons.

But 50 years ago, as they waited backstage for Ed Sullivan to introduce them to America, John, Paul, George and Ringo were just four young lads from Liverpool, unaware they were on the verge of inciting a pop culture revolution. Imagine that.

Republished with permission of The Lantern, thelantern.com, Ohio State University.

Office Hours: Dr. Greg Anderson

On a mid-spring afternoon in 2012, I decided to sit down and chat with my ancient Greek history professor in his office. I had never been one to attend office hours or communicate with my instructors very often, but I had a sense that Professor Greg Anderson was someone who was worth getting to know.

As it was, our conversation that afternoon helped solidify in my mind why history was my true academic passion. A year and a half later, when I had the opportunity to take another of his courses, I leapt at the opportunity. Dr. Anderson's lectures, delivered enthusiastically in his trademark British accent, are a clear indication of his charismatic, conversational personality. 

Last week, we sat down in his office once again—this time, to conduct an interview for a segment called "Office Hours." 

Let's get started with an obvious one: What inspired you to devote yourself to the study of Ancient Greece?

"I would say it was, like a lot of people, quite accidental. I wasn’t a very serious student as an undergraduate—I wanted to do the degree that I thought would be easiest for me while allowing myself to have fun in college. It may not sound like fun, but I chose to do a degree in Latin."

"As a result, I was told I had to learn ancient Greek, as well. The guy who taught it just made the whole thing capture my imagination, and I found Greek—in the end—way more interesting than Latin. So, it started with learning Greek from a particularly inspirational teacher in a class that that I really didn’t want to do."

Other than your period of expertise, what is your favorite historical era?

An aerial view of the trenches on the Western Front.
British trenches on the left, German on the right,
and "No Man's Land" in between.

"A few spring to mind; I can find things pretty interesting in almost any time and place. I’m very indiscriminate, almost promiscuous, when it comes to different historical times and places." 

"One period that I’ve read about actively would be the First World War. I think for a lot of British people there’s a strange kind of poignancy to it."

"Most of us grew up knowing people who experienced the Second World War in some kind of a way—but the First World War was slightly more remote. I suppose it’s a more ambivalent experience, because it isn’t so obviously a black and white, good and evil type of thing like the Second World War seems to be. And so you wonder why it was so necessary that all of these millions of people were sacrificed so mercilessly on the Western Front." 

"In Britain there’s a whole sort of culture that’s sprung up around the First World War—poets who were there who’ve left incredibly heart-rending images of life in the trenches—and I’ve always been quite fascinated."

What is something about yourself that may surprise your students?

"I suppose the most obvious thing would be that I play bass in a rock band. I mean, it’s a real geezer-rock cover band—I’m actually the youngest member of the band. Two members are late-fifties at best, one is mid-fifties, and I’m only early-fifties." 

"We play mostly late-60’s/early-70’s music, towards the softer end of the rock spectrum—but hopefully the more interesting end of it, as well. It’s great fun to play with these guys, the other three are far better players than I am."

"I was in a punk band in the 70’s as a guitarist, so I guess that might be another thing that might surprise students. But we were just so awful that I don’t even want to think about it."

Who is the most fascinating historical figure, in your opinion?

"The figure that I find hardest to understand as a historical phenomenon is Karl Marx. He has probably had as great an influence on human experience as anybody in the last two hundred years, for better or worse. I just find it really hard to understand where he came from, it’s almost like he comes from another planet out of nowhere—to anatomize the modern capitalist world, to somehow critique it from the inside as if he were coming from the outside. That’s what all real social analysts hope to do."

German intellectual Karl Marx (1818-1883)

"I think even if the actual societies that claimed to be following the ideas of Marx have all proven themselves to be horrific, catastrophic failures, Marx’s analysis of capitalistic society still has an enormous amount of value—far more than mainstream economic thinking, because all that’s doing is re-describing the world as it already understands itself…. I don’t know, am I allowed to say Karl Marx?"

I have always wanted to ask this: What is it that is so "Great" about Britain?

“(Laughs) Many things not great about it, I would absolutely say—probably no nation has visited more discomfort on other parts of the world as Britain has. There’s just no getting around that, even if when I was a kid we were still taught that the British Empire was a wonderfully noble enterprise."

"As for the country itself, I think the misunderstanding about it is that the British people are some sort of monolithic group. What strikes me now is how the experience of most British people—ordinary British people—is fundamentally different from that of the rich British people."

"Most of them live incredibly modest, humble lives, even though people might think of Britain as the most pompous, arrogant nation the world has ever seen. What’s striking is the incredible humility of the ordinary people, particularly if you go outside London."

Yellow Springs, OH.

What is the most unexpected place your job has ever taken you?
"I guess that would be Yellow Springs in Ohio, where I live right now, which is not the kind of place that anyone expects would exist in Ohio."

"It’s a fervently countercultural place that is completely against the mainstream of Midwestern life. It’s a rather improbable, eccentric place full of very eccentric people, and is basically run by women—and all the better for that."

Pet Sounds by The Beach Boys (1966)

You are a true fan of music. Could you name three albums that you think everyone should listen to from start to finish?

"That’s the hardest question you could possibly ask… so many great albums. I would say Pet Sounds by The Beach Boys, there’s just something kind of transcendent about it. Amazingly ambitious piece of music, almost coming out of nowhere it seems. That whole era, though—the mid-60’s— you started to get these more ambitious and novel forms of music coming out. It’s amazing how quickly things changed."

"I would put in Kind of Blue by Miles Davis. It’s the sort of album that most people come to long after they’ve heard loads of other music. There’s just something about it…it’s like modern classical music, I suppose."

Kind of Blue by Miles Davis (1959)

"And as a third one, I guess I will be more self-indulgent and choose something I feel more people ought to listen to. One of my personal favorites is a band called 'Hatfield and the North,' which almost nobody in America will ever have heard of." 

"They came from a place called Canterbury, in Kent—one of a number of progressive bands from that place—and their music combines a kind of musical intricacy with English whimsicalness. So, a band no one’s ever heard of—Hatfield and the North—their first album."

Raphael's School of Athens (ca. 1510), a work
celebrating the greatest philosophers of antiquity.

If you could go back to college for anything other than History, what would it be?

"Philosophy. Mainly because it is something I’ve taught myself over the years. The thing is I wasn’t a serious enough student to have taken something like philosophy seriously, so I would’ve wasted my time.  But, if I could sort of idealize myself and go back as a younger version of what I am now, that’s what I would want to do." 

"Before we even start off doing investigations in social science and history, I think there are fundamental philosophical questions that have to be asked—and I don’t think enough historians or social scientists ask those questions. I think all cultural analysts should be schooled in philosophy, and I wish I had been more."

Have you ever looked at your ratings on RateMyProfessors.com?

"I did, but only because someone said I ought to. I am thrilled that they’re as nice as they are!"

RateMyProfessors: Because no one fills out online SEIs.

Yes, you have the 4.9/5 rating and you’ve been bestowed with the coveted “Chili Pepper of Hotness.”

"(Laughs) I think that was bestowed on me some years ago, I doubt I’ve picked up too many recent chili peppers." 

"I mean, students may not realize it, but we really do care about what students think of these courses. Obviously if you’re getting high response rates consistently in a thing like RateMyProfessors, where people could easily slag you off, that does actually come to mean something. I take that very seriously and I’m very proud of the fact that people enjoy the classes and find them interesting."

Greg Anderson is the department specialist in the history of ancient Greece at The Ohio State University. After attending the Universities of Newcastle and London, he obtained his Masters and PhD degrees in Classics at Yale University in New Haven, CT. He currently instructs two courses at Ohio State: "History 3210: History of Archaic Greece" and "History 3211: History of Classical Greece."

A Year in the Life: 2013 As Told by the Music I Recorded

2013 was a year unlike any other. For several reasons, it seemed an important formative period in my life- one which I hope to reflect upon and learn from for many years to come. As someone with a mind oriented towards historical thought, I often contemplate the ways in which I can best preserve my own personal history. One of my greatest passions- writing and recording music- has proven a useful avenue in the conservation of my memories of the past.

Throughout 2013, I recorded seven pieces of music with some people who I deeply care about. Each song serves as a reminder of the circumstances surrounding its creation- a brief musical snapshot of my life at a specific time and place. And so, this post will serve as a memorandum of the three hundred and sixty five days that made up the 2013th year of the Gregorian calendar: a period of considerable personal growth and creativity, which saw the creation of countless, invaluable memories.

The Ballad of Jack Frost

An ode to Winter, "The Ballad of Jack Frost" was the first song that I recorded in 2013. It was also the first song recorded as part of a three-quarters complete collection of songs paying homage to each of the seasons. Featuring John Edgar on guitar and Andrew Robie on drums and bass, the song was recorded during a time when my admiration of the Beach Boys rivaled my fascination with pizza. Can you tell?

These Rain Clouds

"These Rain Clouds" was the next song written and recorded as part of the seasonal collection, this time inspired by the rain-soaked Summer of 2013. Performing alongside a familiar rhythm section, I contributed piano, organ, and vocal tracks to the song. While Andrew offered his multi-instrumental talents (drums and bass), John sang lead on the second verse, in addition to performing his guitar parts. As the first C-Chord rings out from the acoustic guitar, I immediately recall watching rain drops roll down the window pane as I recorded vocals on a dreary July morning in a small bedroom in the University District.

Long Black Veil

At the end of July, as we prepared to move out of our off-campus rental house, John and I hastily threw together a cover of "Long Black Veil," which has been performed by The Band, as well as by Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison in 1968. By the end of the hour-long recording session in John's sweltering third-floor bedroom, we'd managed to complete our rendition of a song that I, admittedly, had never heard before that evening.

Harvest

The third installment of the seasonal series arrived with Autumn, when the rain drops that fell all Summer long were replaced by the gorgeous leaves of Fall. "Harvest," with its great triumvirate of percussive instruments (the tambourine, the bongo, and the shaker) interwoven with a finger-picked acoustic guitar lead, became the first song recorded in my new apartment. John wrote the song around a chord progression that he'd originally composed in our dorm room in Baker Hall East, allowing for a quasi-poetic start to our final year as undergraduate students.

I'd Never

The lone love song among 2013's compositions, "I'd Never" was written for my darling girlfriend Samantha. A follow-up to last year's home-made Christmas present, another ode d'amour entitled "Luna," this musical love letter gradually came together over the last two months of the year. For several reasons, both sentimental and musical, the creation of this song sits atop my list of cherished musical memories from the past year. 

Little Cloud

Like "Long Black Veil," "Little Cloud" was recorded in about an hour. That's where the similarities end though, as I recorded the song entirely on my own in my frigid apartment a few days before Christmas. Aside from the jingle bells and the vocals, every sound in the song came from my piano (leaving me to wonder how many pop songs are produced entirely on a keyboard). "Little Cloud" was my final musical act of 2013, a brief (& almost entirely ad-libbed) meditation on one of my favorite aspects of nature: clouds.

Pizza: A Delicious History

Pizza. The word itself evokes feelings of comfort, happiness, and satisfaction. No matter the context in which it is consumed- a quick slice on the go, a consolation pizza after a disappointing Ohio State loss, etc.- pizza possesses the uncanny ability to fill any void, be it voracious hunger or crippling sadness. It seems that a food so perfect, so intrinsically good, would have been around since the dawn of man. Pizza as we know it, however, has a surprisingly brief history.

The word "pizza" has been around for quite some time, having appeared in writing for the first time in 997 AD. The Latin text in question proclaimed that one of the citizens of Gaeta was to present the bishop of the southern Italian town with twelve pizzas each Christmas and Easter Sunday (Priestley, 2010). If you ask me, the bishop of Gaeta's gig sounds pretty awesome, even if the "pizzas" he received bore little resemblance to the modern-day dish. The duodecim pizza ("twelve pizzas") likely resembled one of several flatbreads that existed across the Mediterranean, many of which are still around today.

Naples, Italy: The Birthplace of Pizza.

Plakous was a flatbread consumed by the ancient Greeks, flavored with herbs, onion, and garlic ("The History of Neapolitan Pizza"). The ancient Etruscans are said to have invented focaccia bread, while coca was and is a popular pizza-esque dish in Catalonia, Valencia, and the Balearic Islands. During the 16th century, the Galette flatbread- a dish popular among Naples's poorer inhabitants- began to be referred to as pizza (Baxter, 2013). Another great development of the 16th century, the tomato was introduced into the European diet amidst the conquest of the Americas. Within generations, it became common for the natives of Naples to add tomato to their yeast-based flatbreads- paving the way for the creation of humankind's greatest culinary achievement.

Pizza Margherita.

Raffaele Esposito is credited as the inventor of modern pizza, having created the dish in 1889 at Pizzeria di Pietro in Campania, Italy (Bellis, 2014). Esposito crafted his pizzas specially for the visiting King and Queen of Italy, Umberto I and Margherita. The Queen's favored pie was one that matched the colors of the Italian flag, topped with basil leaves (green), mozzarella (white), and tomatoes (red). Thus, the "Pizza Margherita" was named in her honor.

Pizza made its first appearance in the United States as Italian immigrants arrived in cities such as New York,  Chicago, Philadelphia, and St. Louis at the end of the 19th Century. In 1897, Gennaro Lombardi opened a grocery store in New York that would become America's first pizzeria when it received its mercantile license in 1905 ("Lombardi's Pizza"). Though pizza consumption was mostly limited to Italian immigrants in America, after World War II American troops who had been stationed in Italy brought their affinity for the dish back home with them.

Pizzeria Uno in Chicago, IL.

In 1943, Ike Sewell and Ric Riccardo invented deep-dish pizza, opening Pizzeria Uno on the corner of Wabash and Ohio in downtown Chicago (Vettel, 2013). In addition to Chicago, other American cities such as New Haven, Detroit, and Youngstown (yes, that Youngstown) created their own adaptations of the dish. With pizza's rapidly rising popularity, chain restaurants began to spring up around the nation (Pizza Hut, for example, was established in 1958 in Wichita, Kansas- thus, beginning its quest to create the most mediocre pizza possible).

Today, national chains with a focus on delivery such as Papa John's, Donatos, and Domino's have a stronghold on the pizza market. However, pizza enthusiasts continue to flock to their local joints (Columbusites: I highly recommend Catfish Biff's and Adriatico's) in search of the perfect pie- a lifelong quest that I, and many others, enjoy to the fullest. Pizza- oh, glorious product of Napoli- we salute you.

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Baxter, Meaghan. "Where It All Began." Vue Weekly. Aberdeen Publishing, 21 Feb. 2013. Web. 05 Jan. 2014. <http://www.vueweekly.com/where_it_all_began/>.

Bellis, Mary. "The History of Pizza Pie." Inventors. About.com, n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2014. <http://inventors.about.com/od/foodrelatedinventions/a/pizza.htm>.

Priestley, Rachel. "That's Amore!" TheFlorentine.net. The Florentine, 23 Sept. 2010. Web. 03 Jan. 2014 <http://www.theflorentine.net/articles/article-view.asp?issuetocId=6101>.

"The History of Neapolitan Pizza." Famoso. Famoso Neapolitan Pizzeria, n.d. Web. 02 Jan. 2014. <http://www.famoso.ca/history.php>.